He tokomaha kua rongo kē mō ngā Mate o te Kāhui Āhuatanga Ātete (Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD), arā, te autism. Ia tau ka piki haere te tokomaha o ngā tāngata e whiwhi ana i tēnei tātaritanga puta noa i te ao. Ehara tēnei pikinga i te hua noa o te tipu o te taupori, engari nā te pai ake o ngā tikanga aromatawai, te whānui ake o te wātea o ngā ratonga tātaritanga, me te nui haere o te mātauranga pūtaiao mō tēnei āhuatanga.
Ko ngā tino take e whakaarohia ana e pā ana ki te putanga mai o te ASD ko ngā āhuatanga ira (genetics), ngā pānga o te taiao, ngā raruraru i te wā e whanake ana te kōhungahunga i roto i te kōpū, me ngā rerekētanga o te taurite o ētahi kohuke me ngā matūkai o te tinana.
He mea tika kia mōhio kāore te kupu "mate" e tino hāngai ana ki ngā momo ASD katoa. Ehara te ASD i te mate ka pā mai i muri mai o te oranga, ā, ehara hoki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ASD i te tohu o tētahi māuiui. Nā konei ka whakamahia te kupu "kāhui" (spectrum), nā te mea he whānui rawa ngā momo whakaaturanga.
I tētahi pito o te kāhui ko te hunga e tino iti ana ngā pānga o te ASD. Ka noho motuhake rātou, ka taea te ako me te mahi, ā, he iti noa ngā āhuatanga e rerekē ai rātou i ētahi atu. I tētahi pito kē ko ngā momo ASD tino taumaha, e tino pā ana ki te whanaketanga me te āhei o te tangata ki te whakahaere i tōna oranga ia rā. Kei waenganui i ēnei pito e rua he maha ngā taumata me ngā whakaaturanga rerekē.
Ko ngā tohu e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ēnei:
te iti o te titiro kanohi ki te kanohi;
te kore e rata ki te pā atu a te tangata;
ngā uauatanga ki te whakawhanaunga ki ngā hoa o te reanga kotahi;
te tino rata ki ngā mahi auau me ngā tikanga pūmau;
me ētahi atu āhuatanga ōrite.
Ko ēnei ngā tohu ka kitea e te hunga e mātakitaki ana, ā, he wāhanga nui ēnei o te aromatawai hinengaro.
Ka rerekē te momo tautoko me te whakaora i runga i te kaha o te ASD. Ka rerekē hoki ngā hua ka taea te tūmanako.
Mō te hunga he māmā noa iho ngā āhuatanga, he maha ngā wā ka whai hua te tautoko a tētahi kaimātai hinengaro me ngā tikanga pēnei i te Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT).
Engari mō te hunga he tino taumaha te ASD, tērā pea ka hiahiatia he tautoko mō te roanga o te oranga, tae atu ki ngā mahi māmā o ia rā pērā i te kai, te horoi, te kākahu me te whakahaere i a rātou anō.
He mea nui hoki kia mōhio he maha ngā āhuatanga e rite ana ngā tohu ki te ASD. Hei tauira, ka kitea te noho wehe i te hapori me te kati ki roto i a koe anō i ētahi tāngata whai schizophrenia. Ahakoa he ōrite ētahi tohu, he rerekē rawa ngā take me ngā huarahi maimoatanga. Nō reira, kāore e tika kia whakamahia ngā tikanga tautoko mō te ASD ki aua āhuatanga.
I ēnei rā, kua nui ake te aro o te iwi ki te ASD. I ētahi wā ka whakatairangatia hei "mate o ngā tohunga whakaaro" rānei, "mate o ngā pūmanawa". Heoi, me āta whakatika tēnei whakaaro.
Ehara i te mea ko ngā uauatanga ki te whakawhanaunga he tohu mō te ASD anake. Ka kitea ēnei āhuatanga i roto i ētahi atu mate hinengaro, i ngā raruraru ā-whaiaro, tae noa ki ngā āhua noa o te tangata.
Hei tauira, kua kōrero tūmatanui a Elon Musk mō tana whai Asperger syndrome, e whakaarohia ana ināianei hei wāhanga o te Autism Spectrum Disorder. Heoi anō, ehara tēnei i te take kia rapu ngā tāngata katoa i aua tohu ki a rātou anō.
He tangata motuhake ia tangata. Kāore he take kia whai āhua rite ki tētahi tangata rongonui kia taea ai te whai whakaaro auaha, te waihanga mea hou, te whai angitu rānei. Waihoki, ehara i te mea ka whai "moutere o te māramatanga motuhake" ngā tāngata katoa whai ASD.
Ngā Tikanga Aromatawai Hauora
He maha ngā whenua kua whakarite i ngā aratohu mō te tautuhi i te ASD.
E ai ki tētahi tākuta nō Īharaira i tuku mai i ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana ki reira, he tino ōrite ngā aratohu ki ngā mea e whakamahia ana i Amerika me ngā Philippines. Kāore au e mōhio mēnā he ōrite hoki ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana i Rūhia.
I mua i te whakatakoto i te tātaritanga ASD, ka tūtohuhia kia whakakorea atu ngā mate kē e taea ana te whakamārama i ngā tohu.
Ko ngā whakamātautau ka taea te whakauru atu ko ēnei:
te kimi mēnā he anemia nā te kore rino, he iti rānei ngā pūtea rino o te tinana, me ngā ngoikoretanga huaora, mā te CBC, ngā taumata rino, ferritin, transferrin, me ngā huaora B12, D, me te waikawa folic;
te aromatawai i te mahi o te repe thyroid mā te tirotiro i te TSH, T4, T3, me ngā paturopi thyroid;
te whakakore i te mate huka momo 1 me te momo 2 mā ngā whakamātautau huka toto, huka mimi, me te HbA1c;
te whakakore i te mate Wilson, mā te tirotiro i te ceruloplasmin, te parahi i roto i te toto me te mimi, me te rapu i ngā Kaiser–Fleischer rings i ngā karu;
te whakamātau mō te cystic fibrosis mā te sweat chloride test;
te aromatawai mō te coeliac disease mā ngā whakamātautau pānga ki te gluten, te Immunoglobulin A (IgA), me ngā anti-transglutaminase me ngā anti-gliadin antibodies;
te aromatawai i ngā mahi o te ate me ngā whatukuhu, me ngā taumata o ngā electrolytes, te phosphorus, me te calcium;
te whakakore i te epilepsy mā te EEG, ā, mēnā e tika ana, mā te MRI me te CT scan o te roro me te kaki;
te rapu i ngā mate rokiroki ira (lysosomal storage disorders), pērā i te Hunter syndrome, Fabry disease, me ētahi atu mate e rite ana ngā tohu.
Whai muri i te whakakore i ēnei me ētahi atu mate e hāngai ana, kātahi anō ka taea e te tākuta hinengaro (psychiatrist) te aromatawai mēnā e tutuki ana ngā paearu mō te Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Hei Whakakapi
Hei whakakapi, me kī ake kāore e taea te whakatakoto i te tātaritanga ASD i runga anake i ngā whakamātautau hinengaro, otirā ko ngā whakamātautau e wātea noa ana i runga i te ipurangi. Me whai aromatawai whānui, me whai mātakitaki a ngā mātanga, ā, i te nuinga o te wā me whakahaere hoki ētahi whakamātautau hauora hei whakakore i ētahi atu mate.
Ehara i te mea ka taea e te kaimātai hinengaro anake te whakatau i tēnei tātaritanga. Ko te tautuhi tika i te ASD he tukanga e hiahia ana kia mahi ngātahi ngā tohunga maha, tae atu ki ngā tākuta, ngā mātanga roro, ngā kaimātai hinengaro, me ngā tākuta hinengaro.