Ko ngā Mate o te Kāhui Āhuatanga Ātete (Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD) tētahi momo rerekētanga whanaketanga ka kitea, i runga i ngā tatauranga o te tau 2020, ki te toharite kotahi tangata i roto i te toru tekau o te taupori o te ao. I mua i ngā tau 2000, he iti rawa ngā tatauranga mō te ASD – tata ki te kotahi tangata i roto i te rua mano.
Neke atu i te rua tekau tau kua pahure, kua whanakehia he maha ake ngā tikanga hei tautuhi i tēnei mate. Nā ēnei tikanga i taea ai te wehe i te ASD i ētahi atu mate me ngā tūāhua e ōrite ana ngā tohu. Waihoki, kua whakawhanakehia hoki ngā huarahi tautoko me ngā tikanga whakaora ā-whanonga kua whakamātauhia e te pūtaiao.
I Rūhia, he maha tonu ngā wā ka rangiruatia te ASD ki te mate hinengaro tamariki (childhood schizophrenia), ki te tōmuri whanaketanga hinengaro (Intellectual Developmental Delay) me ētahi atu momo mate. He tokomaha ngā tāngata e noho ana me te ASD kāore anō kia tautuhia, otirā ko te hunga he tino māmā noa iho ngā tohu.
Ka pēhea te whakaatu o te ASD?
Me mārama, ehara te ASD i te mate kotahi anake, engari he kāhui whānui o ngā āhuatanga. Arā, ka tīmata mai i ngā tohu tino ngoikore, tae noa ki ngā tohu tino kaha.
Mō te hunga he māmā noa iho te ASD, tērā pea kāore e tino kitea ngā tohu. I ēnei wā, ka whakaarohia pea rātou e ētahi atu he tangata rerekē noa iho, he tangata uaua rānei te āhua. He uaua ake hoki te tautuhi i te ASD ki ngā wāhine me ngā kōtiro, nā te mea he rerekē te āhua o te whakaaturanga o ngā tohu.
I ngā tamariki, ka kitea pea ētahi o ēnei āhuatanga:
- ngā nekehanga tukurua, ngā mahi auau hoki;
- ngā raruraru tairongo (sensory difficulties);
- ngā uauatanga ki te whakawhanaunga me te noho wehe i ētahi atu;
- ngā tino ngākau nui ki ngā kaupapa whāiti noa iho;
- te ngoikore o te whakahaere kare ā-roto;
- ki te whakatauritea ki te hunga e noho ana me te ASD taumata tiketike (hei tauira ko Asperger syndrome), ko ngā tamariki e tino kaha ana te ASD he iti noa tō rātou mana motuhake, he uaua ki te ako, ā, he maha tonu ngā mate, ngā ngoikoretanga rānei e haere tahi ana.
Ka pēhea te whakaatu o te ASD ki ngā pakeke?
He ōrite te āhua o te ASD ki ngā pakeke me ngā tamariki, ahakoa kua rerekē pea te kaha o ngā tohu nā ngā wheako o te tangata me ngā tautoko kua whakawhiwhia ki a ia.
Ka kitea pea ēnei āhuatanga:
- Mēnā he pai te tautoko mai i te whānau, i ngā hoa, me ngā tohunga, ā, kua whiwhi hoki te tangata i ngā maimoatanga me ngā kaupapa tautoko e tika ana, ka taea te whakahaere i te noho wehe me te koretake o te whakahaere kare ā-roto.
- Ki te kore e whiwhi i taua tautoko, ka kaha ake pea te noho mokemoke, te karo i ngā hononga pāpori, me te rerekē haere o te whakahaere kare ā-roto.
- Ka tino kitea te whakaaro whai tauira kotahi, arā, te uaua ki te whakaae ki ngā tirohanga, ki ngā huarahi whakaaro rānei e rerekē ana.
- He maha tonu ngā tāngata ka mau tonu ki ngā tino kaupapa e aro nuitia ana e rātou.
- He tokomaha ka ako ki te whakahaere i ngā raruraru tairongo mā te karo i ngā wāhi, ngā oro, ngā rama, me ētahi atu āhuatanga ka nui rawa te whakaohooho.
- Ki te tino kaha te ASD, ka noho tonu te tangata ki te kore e tino motuhake, ka uaua ki te ako, ā, he maha tonu ngā mate me ngā ngoikoretanga ka haere tahi me taua āhuatanga.
- Ko te tangata e noho ana me te ASD taumata tiketike ka rapu tonu i te whakamārama mō tōna rerekētanga i ētahi atu. He maha kāore e mārama katoa ki ngā tikanga pāpori, ahakoa ka whakapau kaha rātou ki te whai i aua tikanga.
Nā te iti o ngā mōhiotanga mō te ASD i ngā tau o mua, he tokomaha tonu ngā tāngata e noho ana i ēnei rā kāore anō kia tautuhia. Ko ētahi kei te rapu tonu i te take e rerekē ai rātou i ētahi atu, ko ētahi kua whakawhiwhia kē ki tētahi atu tātaritanga e ōrite ana ngā tohu ki te ASD.
Ka pēhea te tautuhi i te ASD?
Ko te tautuhi i te ASD ki ngā tamariki he mahi e whai wāhi ai ngā momo tohunga maha.
I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā mātua te hunga tuatahi ka kite i ngā rerekētanga o te whanaketanga o te tamaiti i waenga i te kotahi me te rua tau te pakeke. Ka rapu āwhina rātou i tētahi tākuta tamariki (pediatrician), i tētahi mātanga roro (neurologist) rānei.
Me arotake e te tākuta tamariki te hītori hauora o te tamaiti me tōna whaea, tae atu ki te āhua o te hapūtanga me te whānautanga.
Ko te mahi a te mātanga roro he whakahaere i tētahi aromatawai whānui, ā, ka taea pea te whakauru atu ki:
- te ultrasound o ngā ia toto o te roro;
- te MRI, te CT rānei o te roro me te kaki;
- te electroencephalography (EEG).
Ka aromatawai te kaimātai hinengaro tamariki mā te mātakitaki i te tamaiti, mā te kōrero ki ngā mātua, me te whakamahi i ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau hauora kua oti i te tākuta tamariki me te mātanga roro. Mā konei ka taea te waihanga i tētahi whakaahua tika o ngā rerekētanga o te whanaketanga me te whakarite i tētahi pūrongo hinengaro.
Whai muri i tēnā, ko te mahi a te mātanga roro, te tākuta hinengaro tamariki rānei, he whakatakoto i te tātaritanga whakamutunga me te whakarite i ngā kaupapa tautoko me ngā maimoatanga e tika ana.
Mō ngā pakeke, hei tua atu i te uiui me te aromatawai a te kaimātai hinengaro, ka whakamahia hoki ngā whakamātautau paerewa hei aromatawai i te taumata o ngā āhuatanga ASD. Ko ngā mahi a te mātanga roro me te tākuta hinengaro he tino ōrite ki ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana mō ngā tamariki.
Ka pēhea te tautoko me te whakahaere i te ASD?
Ehara te Mate o te Kāhui Āhuatanga Ātete (ASD) i te mate ka taea te whakaora katoa. I tēnei wā, kāore he rongoā e whakakore rawa ana i te ASD.
Heoi anō, kei te wātea ngā tikanga tautoko kua whakamātauhia e te pūtaiao, ā, kua whakaaturia tō rātou whai hua. Ko tā ēnei tikanga he āwhina i te tangata kia pai ake tana noho i roto i te hapori, kia taea ai e ia te ako, te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga hou, me te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te ASD.
Ko tētahi o ngā tino huarahi ko te haumanu hinengaro (psychotherapy) me tētahi kaimātai hinengaro (psychologist), tākuta hinengaro (psychiatrist) rānei e whai wheako ana ki te mahi tahi me ngā tāngata whai ASD. Mā te tautoko pēnei ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ngā pūkenga pāpori, me ngā rautaki hei whakahaere i ngā kare ā-roto me ngā taumahatanga o ia rā.
Ko tētahi atu wāhanga nui o te tautoko ko te kimi me te whakahaere i ngā mate, ngā āhuatanga rānei e haere tahi ana me te ASD. He tokomaha ngā tāngata whai ASD e pāngia ana hoki e te:
mate rū (epilepsy);
ngā raruraru o te pūnaha io motuhake (autonomic nervous system disorders);
ētahi atu mate o te pūnaha io;
ngā mate hinengaro;
me ngā mate ā-tinana (somatic disorders).
Ko te whāinga matua o te maimoatanga ehara i te whakakore i te ASD, engari ko te whakapai ake i te oranga o te tangata, te whakaiti i ngā tohu o ngā mate e haere tahi ana, me te āwhina kia taea e ia te noho motuhake me te whai wāhi nui atu ki te hapori.
Nā te tautuhi wawe, te tautoko tika, me te whai wāhi o te whānau me ngā tohunga hauora, ka taea e te tokomaha o ngā tāngata whai ASD te whakatutuki i te mātauranga, te whai mahi, te hanga hononga pai, me te noho i tētahi oranga whai tikanga me te kounga pai.